Saturday, December 19, 2015

Japan's East China Sea defense plan seeks to turn tables on China

Posted to InterAksyon (Dec 18): Japan's East China Sea defense plan seeks to turn tables on China



Japan Self-Defense Force troops land on Eniyabanare Island during a military drill. (Reuters/Kyodo)

 
Japan is fortifying its far-flung island chain in the East China Sea under an evolving strategy that aims to turn the tables on China's navy and keep it from ever dominating the Western Pacific Ocean, Japanese military and government sources said.

The United States, believing its Asian allies -- and Japan in particular -- must help contain growing Chinese military power, has pushed Japan to abandon its decades-old bare-bones home island defense in favor of exerting its military power in Asia.

Tokyo is responding by stringing a line of anti-ship, anti-aircraft missile batteries along 200 islands in the East China Sea stretching 1,400 kilometers from the country's mainland toward Taiwan.

Interviews with a dozen military planners and government policymakers reveal that Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's broader goal to beef up the military has evolved to include a strategy to dominate the sea and air surrounding the remote islands.

While the installations are not secret, it is the first time such officials have spelled out that the deployment will help keep China at bay in the Western Pacific and amounts to a Japanese version of the "anti-access/area denial" doctrine, known as "A2/AD" in military jargon, that China is using to try to push the United States and its allies out of the region.

Chinese ships sailing from their eastern seaboard must pass through this seamless barrier of Japanese missile batteries to reach the Western Pacific, access to which is vital to Beijing both as a supply line to the rest of the world's oceans and for the projection of its naval power.

China's President Xi Jinping has set great store in developing an ocean-going "blue water" navy capable of defending the country's growing global interests.

To be sure, there is nothing to stop Chinese warships from sailing through under international law, but they will have to do so in within the crosshairs of Japanese missiles, the officials told Reuters.

First island chain

As Beijing asserts more control across the nearby South China Sea with almost completed island bases, the string of islands stretching through Japan's East China Sea territory and south through the Philippines may come to define a boundary between US and Chinese spheres of influence. Military planners dub this the line the "first island chain".

"In the next five or six years the first island chain will be crucial in the military balance between China and the US- Japan," said Satoshi Morimoto, a Takushoku University professor who was defense minister in 2012 and advises the current defense chief, Gen Nakatani.

A US warship in late October challenged territorial limits that China is asserting around its new man-made island bases in the Spratly archipelago.

But Beijing may already have established "facts on the ground" in securing military control of the South China Sea, some officials and experts say.

"We may delay the inevitable, but that train left the station some time ago," a senior US military source familiar with Asia told Reuters, on condition he was not identified because he was not authorized to talk to the media.     

China's "ultimate objective is hegemony over the South China Sea, hegemony over the East China Sea", said Kevin Maher, who headed the US State Department's Office of Japan Affairs for two years until 2011. "To try and appease the Chinese would just encourage the Chinese to be more provocative," said Maher, now a consultant at NMV Consulting in Washington.

Turning the tables

Japan's counter to China in the East China Sea began in 2010, two years before Abe took power.

The predecessor Democratic Party of Japan government pivoted away from protecting the northern island of Hokkaido against a Soviet invasion that never came to defending the southwest island chain.

"The growing influence of China and the relative decline of the US was a factor," said Akihisa Nagashima, a DPJ lawmaker who as vice minister of defense helped craft that change. "We wanted to do what we could and help ensure the sustainability of the US forward deployment."

China is investing in precision missiles as it seeks to deter the technologically superior US Navy from plying waters or flying near Taiwan or in the South China Sea.

Beijing in September gave friends and potential foes a peek at that growing firepower in its biggest ever military parade, which commemorated Japan's World War Two defeat. Making its debut was the Dongfeng-21D, a still untested anti-ship ballistic missile that could potentially destroy a $5-billion US aircraft carrier.

It joins an arsenal the US Congress estimates at 1,200 short-range missiles and intermediate missiles that can strike anywhere along the first island chain. China is also developing submarine- and land-launched radar-evading cruise missiles.

"Rather than A2/AD, we use the phrase 'maritime supremacy and air superiority'," said Yosuke Isozaki, Abe's first security adviser until September and a key author of a national defense strategy published in 2013 that included this phrase for the first time.

"Our thinking was that we wanted to be able to ensure maritime supremacy and air superiority that fit with the US military," he added.

Toshi Yoshihara, a US Naval War College professor, said Tokyo could play an important role in limiting China's room for maneuver through the East China Sea to the Western Pacific, enhancing US freedom of movement and buying time for the alliance to respond in the event of war with China.

"You could say Japan is turning the tables on China," Yoshihara said.

Memories of Japanese aggression in World War Two still haunt Tokyo's relations with its near neighbors, and tensions have sharpened since the return to power of Abe, who critics view as a revisionist who wants to downplay Japan's wartime past.

“Any Japanese military trend will elicit close attention and misgivings from Asian neighboring countries," China's National Defense Ministry told Reuters by email in reply to questions about Japan's island strategy.

"We urge the Japanese side to take history as a mirror, and take more actions in the interests of growing mutual trust."

Vice Admiral Joseph Aucoin, commander of the US Seventh Fleet, cast Japan's build-up in the East China Sea as complementary to a broader US strategy.

"The US planning process for any theater takes into consideration the capabilities and forces of friends and potential adversaries," Aucoin told Reuters. "The U.S plans with the ultimate objective of maintaining peace and stability not only for Japan, but also for the region."

Missile batteries, radar stations

Over the next five years, Japan will increase its Self-Defense Forces on islands in the East China Sea by about a fifth to almost 10,000 personnel.

Those troops, manning missile batteries and radar stations, will be backed up by marine units on the mainland, stealthy submarines, F-35 warplanes, amphibious fighting vehicles, aircraft carriers as big as World War Two flat-tops and ultimately the US Seventh Fleet headquartered at Yokosuka, south of Tokyo.

Already cooperating closely, the Japanese and US navies will draw closer than ever after Abe's new security legislation legitimized collective self-defense, allowing Japan to come to the aid of allies under attack.

One crucial change, said Maher: the US and Japanese military can now plan and practice for war together and deliver a "force multiplier."

Bigger defense outlays are adding potency. Japan's military is seeking spending in the next fiscal year's budget that would top 5 trillion yen ($40 billion) for the first time, including money for longer-range anti-ship missiles, sub-hunting aircraft, early-warning planes, Global Hawk drones, Osprey tiltrotor aircraft and a new heavy-lift, long-range transport jet.

In some areas, however, Japan's military is making do. Anti-ship missiles designed 30 years ago to destroy Soviet landing craft heading for Hokkaido are being deployed to draw the defensive curtain along the southwest island chain.

Able to lob a 225-kg (500-lb) warhead 180 km, they have enough range to cover the gaps between the islands along the chain, said Noboru Yamaguchi, a Sasakawa Peace Foundation adviser and former general who procured them three decades ago.

Japan's military planners must also figure out how to transform an army used to sticking close to its bases into a more mobile, expeditionary force.

Decades of under-investment in logistics means Japan has too few naval transport ships and military aircraft to carry large numbers of troops and equipment.

A more delicate task for Japan's government, however, may be persuading people living along the islands to accept a bigger military footprint. After decades hosting the biggest concentration of US troops in Asia, people on Okinawa are voicing greater opposition to the bases.

For now, communities on the long chain of islands, home to 1.5 million people, that have been asked to host Japanese troops are happy to do so, said Ryota Takeda, a lawmaker who as vice defense minister until Sept. 2014 traveled there frequently to win residents' approval for new deployments.

"Unlike officials sitting in the Ministry of Defense in Tokyo they are more attuned to the threat they face every day."

http://www.interaksyon.com/article/121612/japans-east-china-sea-defense-plan-seeks-to-turn-tables-on-china

Statement of GPH-MILF Joint committee on cessation of hostilities

From the Philippine Information Agency (Dec 18): Statement of GPH-MILF Joint committee on cessation of hostilities

The two-day 44th Regular Meeting of the Government of the Philippines (GPH) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) Coordinating Committee on the Cessation of Hostilities (CCCHs) and the 23rd Tripartite Meeting with the Malaysia-led International Monitoring Team (IMT) ended today with the resolution of all the outstanding issues and concerns. Both parties have also reaffirmed their shared commitment to strengthen and enhance further their security and ceasefire functions in order to bolster confidence building measures. The body also highlighted the crafting of a new set of ceasefire mechanism activities that will solve the emerging issues vis-à-vis the maintenance of the Ceasefire Agreement.

In his opening statement, BGEN GLENN G MACASERO AFP, Chairman of the GPH CCCH outlined the details of the ceasefire mechanism’s activities and specified tasks to perform better its powers and functions. The template will also guide both parties in identifying and responding to relevant issues and concerns and to determine priority areas and activities to be more pro-active. He is also optimistic that the mechanism will remain focus to its noble intention of sustaining the gains of the ceasefire mechanisms and the peace process, as well.

For the part of the MILF CCCH, Honorable Butch Malang, OIC-Chairman of the MILF CCCH expressed his gratitude for the resumption of the joint meeting in order to address various reports on ceasefire violations as it weakens faith and trust in the ceasefire. The MILF CCCH OIC-Chairman considered the event as an obligatory task of the CCCH and IMT to amplify the common commitment to work together as partners in the sustenance of the ceasefire especially in the ground.

His excellency, MGEN DATO’ SHIEKH MOKHSIN BIN SHIEKH HASSAN, Head of Mission of the IMT M10, on his message, highlighted the mechanism’s endeavor as part of team work and mutual understanding among the members of the mechanisms towards stability of the Conflict Affected Areas in Mindanao (CAAM). The Head of Mission urged both CCCH to do more efforts to perform their duties as ceasefire mechanisms. MGEN DATO’ SHIEKH MOKHSIN believes that the current development in the peace process is also the achievement of the peace mechanisms. For his final message, the Head of Mission is hopeful that peace will prevail in God’s will.

The following are the highlights of the meeting:

{C}1.    {C}On issue of MILF providing sanctuary to criminal elements, the MILF CCCH explained the allegations of codling Cmdr Tokboy, a lawless element, in Brgy. Butril, Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat is baseless. According to the MILF AHJAG Chair, the MILF leadership is also running after Cmdr Tokboy whom they considered as a lawless element. This matter be referred to AHJAG who is mandated to handle this kind of problem.

{C}2.    {C}On the series of incidents of “rido” involving some BIAF-MILF elements, the MILF CCCH informed the body regarding the efforts of the MILF Task Force on Conflict Resolution Management (TFCRM) that handles “rido” concerns involving their members. The MILF CCCH will seek clearance from their principal regarding the sharing of the updates on the series of their efforts to settle “rido” to the GPH-CCCH.

{C}3.    {C}On the conduct of Law Enforcement Operation (LEO) by the MILF, particularly commander Abdullah Macapaar aka Bravo, GPH CCCH stressed that proper coordination should be followed by tapping the AHJAG and CCCH.

{C}4.    {C}On the concept and activities relative to the campaign against illegal drugs, the GPH requested a copy of the framework/concept, plans, directions and activities from the MILF CCCH relative to the said campaign which will be relayed to the Philippine National Police (PNP) and Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), who will be the lead agency to the conduct of LEO against the suspects.

{C}5.    {C}On coordination protocol, prior coordination is stressed before movement of GPH and MILF forces near or within MILF communities. Both the GPH CCCH and MILF CCCH agreed to improve the feedback system to avoid misinterpretations regarding the purpose of the movement of GPH and MILF forces.

{C}6.    {C}Both parties agreed to fully cooperate through various ceasefire mechanisms in the protection of vital installations, civilian targets, AFP/PNP personnel and BIAF-MILF members from the attacks of lawless elements.

{C}7.    {C}On the role of the CCCH and IMT with the normalization bodies, such as Joint Normalization Committee (JNC), Joint Peace and Security Committee (JPSC) and Joint Peace And Security Teams (JPST), the group agreed that a separate briefing from the officials of JNC will be coordinated for a better understanding of its mandate and its relationship to the other ceasefire mechanisms.

{C}8.    {C}On the proposed templates of activities (composed of Pro-active activities, Response to armed confrontation between the GPH and MILF Forces, Post-conflict activities-Investigate) that will serve as a guide of the CCCH members to implement its mandate, the MILF CCCH suggested that they will present it first to their Principals for comments before it will be adopted. Included in the proposed CCCH template is an action plan that will establish the Joint Ceasefire Crisis Team (JCCT), CCCH hotline, and telephone director of CCCH/IMT/LMT/JCMP/AHJAG/GPH-MILF Comdrs.

Done this 15th day of December 2015 at the Waterfront Insular Hotel, Davao City.

For the full statement visit http://www.opapp.gov.ph/milf/news/joint-statement-44th-jccch-meeting-23rd-tripartite-meeting

http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/3001450337391/statement-of-gph-milf-joint-committee-on-cessation-of-hostilities-

NPA camp, war materials seized in Calbiga, Samar

From the Sun Star-Tacloban (Dec 18): NPA camp, war materials seized in Calbiga, Samar

CATBALOGAN CITY -- Philippine Army’s 8th Infantry Division personnel who are based in this city have seized a New People’s Army (NPA) camp and recovered war materials in the hinterlands of Samar.

Captain Isagani Viernes, acting chief of the 8ID Public Affairs Office, said Thursday that the NPA camp located in Barangay Antol, Calbiga, Samar, were seized last Friday after an hour of firefight with around 40 NPA rebels manning the area.

Two soldiers were wounded during the firefight while a number of rebels were wounded or killed, as blood stains were seen in their route of withdrawal, said Lieutenant Colonel George Domingo, commanding officer of 87th Infantry Battalion based in Calbiga town.

He said the seized NPA encampment has 30 makeshift huts, two kitchens, and three "bulwagan" (halls) that can accommodate 50 persons.

Recovered from the scene of the encounter were a M60 General Purpose Machine Gun with 90 rounds ammunition, one M653 rifle (Baby Armalite), two pieces of Claymore-type landmines, one flat screen TV (32”), one set of Cignal cable transceiver, one generator set, one chainsaw, several medical equipment and medicines, assorted foodstuffs and subversive documents.

The successful operation was the fruit of the ongoing partnership between the 87IB and the local government units of Pinabacdao and Calbiga, Samar, headed by their respective local chief executives and the local populace in safeguarding their communities,” Domingo said.

Major General Jet Velarmino, commander of the 8ID, thanked the civilians who informed them about the presence of the NPA camp in the area.

He said the encounter was a big blow to the NPA rebels who will be celebrating their anniversary on December 26.

He again appealed to the NPA rebels to return to the folds of law and help stop "senseless killings" among fellow Filipinos.

http://www.sunstar.com.ph/tacloban/local-news/2015/12/18/npa-camp-war-materials-seized-calbiga-samar-447669

18 wounded soldiers cited

From the Sun Star-Davao (Dec 19): 18 wounded soldiers cited

OFFICIALS of the Eastern Mindnao Command and the Naval Forces Eastern Mindanao (NFEM) cited 18 soldiers wounded while performing their duty at the Camp Panacan in Davao City.

Army's 10th Infantry Division (ID) commander Major General Rafael Valencia visited the wounded soldiers and honored them at the Camp Panacan Station Hospital last Friday.

Captain Rhyan Batchar, 10th Infantry Division spokesperson, said the wounded soldiers were assigned from Paquibato District in Davao City and Mabini town in Compostela Valley.

She added that they were hurt during the encounters last December 11 and 12 in their areas.

The Eastern Mindanao Command (Eastmincom) and NFEM also rendered departure honor to the late Private First Class (Pfc.) Johnhill Victor Alarcon, Valencia said.

He added that the three offices also distributed gift packs to the wounded soldiers.

Batchar recalled that on December 11 and 12, the troops of 69th Infantry Battalion (IB) engaged in a series of armed engagements in Barangay Malabog, Paquibato District, Davao City.

The first incident happened when the platoon of 69IB was hit by landmine explosion where Pfc. Johnhill Victor Alarcon was killed and another enlisted personnel was wounded.

This was followed by another encounter when the reinforcing soldiers of 69IB pursued the fleeing New People's Army (NPA) rebels that resulted to wounding of the three soldiers.

On December 12, another soldier and a Cafgu member died and 14 others were hurt after a landmine explosion hit their platoon while conducting Peace and Development Outreach Program (PDOP) in Mabini, Compostela Valley.

Two civilians were also killed during the blast while travelling along the barangay road of Cabuyuan.

Valencia said that the division will continue to serve the people of Davao Region despite suffering several casualties.

He added the body of Pfc Alarcon was already airlifted Sunday morning to Iloilo City.

http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/2015/12/19/18-wounded-soldiers-cited-447964

Communist rebels hunted in Surigao

From the Sun Star-Davao (Dec 19): Communist rebels hunted in Surigao

TROOPS belonging to the Eastern Mindnao Command (Eastmincom) launched Friday a pursuit operation against suspected members of the New People's Army (NPA) involved in a recent encounter in Lianga town in Surigao del Sur.

Philippine Army's 4th Infantry Division officer 1st Lieutenant Karl Jan Devaras said the troops are looking into the members of the NPA's Sub-Regional Sentro De Grabidad, Sub-Regional Committee-South Land, and Guerilla Fronts 19-A and 19-B of the North Eastern Mindanao.

Devaras said the encounter took place at Kilometer 9, Sitio Han-ayan in Barangay Diatagon while the troops were responding to reports about suspected rebels planned to burn the houses in the area to prevent lumad evacuees in Tandag City from returning to their homes.

Recovered from the encounter site were one AK47 assault rifle, three loaded AK47 magazines, two rifle grenades, and two M203 grenades.

The troops also recovered two jungle packs, six blasting caps for improvised explosive devices (IEDs), several assorted empty shells, subversive documents and letters addressed to well-known businessmen.

Devaras said there are also letters written in a form of a permit to campaign (PTC) and permit to win (PTW) addressed to some aspiring politicians in Surigao del Sur.

He added that the troops also traced several blood stains believed to be from the rebels.

"We would like to reiterate our call for the NPA rebels to return to the folds of the law. We are willing to facilitate on their reintegration to the community with the help of the local government units," Devaras said.

NPA rebels in Paquibato closely watched

From the Sun Star-Davao (Dec 19): NPA rebels in Paquibato closely watched

THE 10th Infantry Division (10th ID) assured on Wednesday that the peace and order situation is being addressed in Paquibato District in Davao City after series of armed encounter took place between the government troops and suspected members of the New People's Army (NPA) in the past weeks.

Captain Rhyan Batchar, spokesperson of the 10th ID, said that they have deployed additional military personnel in the area.

"Nasa process of normalization sa area of Paquibato after the series of armed encounter with the NPA rebels," Batchar told reporters during the AFP-PNP press conference held at The Ritz Hotel at Garden Oases last Wednesday morning.

Batchar said that the 69th Infantry Battalion (IB) unit based in Paquibato area will continue to strengthen the security measures for the yuletide season even with the 12-day unilateral ceasefire issued by the NPA rebels last Tuesday.

An army soldier was killed and four others were wounded after series of gunbattle happened last December 11 and 12.

The first encounter happened while soldiers belonging to the 69th IB engaged in a gunbattle around Friday noon at Sitio Kalaw in Barangay Malabog in Paquibato District.

The second encounter happened when pursuing 60th IB soldiers caught up with several fleeing NPA rebels around 4:30 p.m., Saturday at Sitio Bal-oing in Barangay Malabog still in Paquibato District.

Soldiers recovered live ammunition for M14 and M16 rifles, empty shells of assorted high-powered firearms, 150-meter electrical wire and personal bags.

All armed attacks were allegedly perpetrated by NPA rebels belonging to the Pulang Bagani Command-1 of the Southern Mindanao Regional Committee.

http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/2015/12/19/npa-rebels-paquibato-closely-watched-447965

Oro, Iligan safe from terrorists, Army official says

From the Sun Star-Cagayan de Oro (Dec 18): Oro, Iligan safe from terrorists, Army official says

AN OFFICIAL of the 4th Infantry Division said Friday that the cities of Cagayan de Oro and Iligan are not under immediate threat from terrorists this Christmas season, citing a report by the National Intelligence Board (NIB).

Captain Jo Patrick Martinez, 4th Infantry Division spokesperson, said the NIB, a special monitoring committee under the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA), reported that Cagayan de Oro and Iligan cities are under Category 2 with moderate terror threats and security concerns from the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) and the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF).

Martinez said the intelligence group released the report after a security committee meeting held last November 26 in Davao City.

Martinez said they are, however, monitoring security matters especially since both cities are major cities in Mindanao.

“Hindi pa nakarating sa atin ang report na yan pero we are proactive sa lahat ng sitwasyon and rest assured na mapepre-empt natin yan,” Martinez said.

Martinez said there have been instances when soldiers intercepted the entry of terrorists within their areas of concern citing an interception of an Abu Sayaff group in Agusan del Sur which planned to abduct foreigners.

“Na-confirm natin na members ng Abu Sayaf pero hindi sila na-filan ng kaso wala silang outstanding case walang firearms when they were intercepted. Nakabalik na sila sa area nila somewhere in Western Mindanao,” Martinez said.

No threats on terrorism have been monitored yet for Cagayan de Oro and Iligan, according to Martinez, saying that their intelligence unit are consistent in reporting if there is such.

Martinez believes that the report discussed in the conference in Davao City is not to create confusion or chaos in the minds of the people but to create awareness.

Martinez said the army’s intelligence arm is sharing information with the Philippine National Police and other state security forces to strengthen intelligence gathering.

“Without interoperability and the sharing of information like sa PNP we can’t evaluate sa aming product lang we need to compare notes to confirm that info is correct,” Martinez said

http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cagayan-de-oro/local-news/2015/12/18/oro-iligan-safe-terrorists-army-official-says-447793

DWDD: SUCCESSFUL MIL OPERATION // Army Troopers Preempts NPA Planned Atrocity in Surigao Del Sur

From DWDD AFP Civil Relations Service Radio Website (Dec 18): SUCCESSFUL MIL OPERATION // Army Troopers Preempts NPA Planned Atrocity in Surigao Del Sur

army logo


Lianga, Surigao del Sur— Troops of Alpha Company, 75th Infantry (MARAUDER) Battalion, Philippine Army were engaged by fire with the members of New People’s Army belonging to a combined armed elements of the Sub-Regional Sentro De Grabidad, Sub Regional Committee-South Land, Guerrilla Front 19A and 19B, North Eastern Mindanao Regional Committee while they were conducting security patrol at vicinity Kilometer 16, Han-ayan, Diatagon of the said municipality on December 17, 2015 at around 2:00 o’clock in the morning.

An Information from a concerned civilian disclosed that the New People’s Army will conduct an atrocity by burning the houses in Kilometer 9 and Sitio Han-ayan in Barangay Diatagon in order to prevent the lumad evacuees in Tandag City from returning to their homes and; in order to generate another issue and to further blame it to the government troops who are currently securing the area.
 
Lieutenant Colonel Haron S Akaz, Commanding officer of the 75th Infantry Battalion immediately sent additional troops to preempt the planned atrocity of the NPA.
 
Upon reaching the area, the government troops were indiscriminately fired upon by heavy gun fires, grenade launchers and improvised explosive devices (IED’s) by the NPA. The said government troops immediately returned fire and maneuvered to an advantage position to avoid hitting any civilians nearby.
 
Some government troops were injured while it is believed that several NPA’s were killed and wounded during the said armed engagement. Civilians have seen the NPA carrying their wounded comrades while withdrawing from the encounter area.

There were also some foreign nationals who were reported to have been trying to interfere with the current armed engagement at Barangay Diatagon Lianga, Surigao del Sur. Support to Law Enforcement Operation is ongoing up to this post.
 

DWDD: STATEMENT On NPA ambush of AFP HADR delivering relief goods to storm ‘Nona’ victims

From DWDD AFP Civil Relations Service Radio Website (Dec 18): STATEMENT On NPA ambush of AFP HADR delivering relief goods to storm ‘Nona’ victims



Camp Aguinaldo, Quezon City, DWDD–The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) strongly condemns the ambush done by the NPA against Army troops of 546 Engineering Battalion with 81st Division Reconnaissance Company involved in HADR operations that transpired in Pinabacdao, Samar at 7:30 a.m. today, December 18. Two of our soldiers were wounded in the incident.

Our troops were on their way back to Tacloban City to gather more relief goods to give to victims of typhoon “Nona”. They were with two female personnel from DSWD who were going back to their base at OCD Region 8 when they were waylaid by an undetermined number of NPA rebels in the boundary between Barangays Madalunot and Pahug in the town of Pinabacdao in the Second District of Samar Province.

This clearly shows the NPA’s disregard to the plight of our brothers and sisters in Samar who were devastated by the onslaught of storm “Nona”. This is also a clear indication that the NPAs continuously and deliberately conduct atrocities against our troops and public servants who are only doing their job to alleviate the suffering experienced by storm victims in Visayas.

Rest assured that this attack will not hamper our ongoing HADR operations for the victims of “Nona” who are in need of our help. We will continue with our relief and assistance operations for the victims of the typhoon.

http://dwdd.com.ph/2015/afp-statement-on-npa-ambush-of-afp-hadr-delivering-relief-goods-to-storm-nona-victims/

DWDD: CONFIRMED! // CA Approved 77 AFP Officers

From DWDD AFP Civil Relations Service Radio Website (Dec 18): CONFIRMED! // CA Approved 77 AFP Officers



Camp  Aguinaldo, Quezon City, DWDD–The nomination of the 77 senior officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines has been confirmed by the Commission on Appointments (CA).
The CA verified the promotion of the following AFP members.

Andre Costales Jr., Guillermo Molina Jr., Rodolfo Santiago and Elmer Pabale advanced to the rank of major general.

For the position of Brigadier generals are Archimedes Viaje, Maximo Ballesteros, Alvin Parreño, Arleen Gorreon, Diosdado Respecio, Romeo de la Cruz, Raul Farnacio, Demy Tejares, Rafael Sera Jose, Rhoderick Parayno, Harold Cabreros and Alvin Francis Javier.

The AFP members that upgrade to Commodores are Rene Medina, Robert Empedrad, Jande Francisco and Gaudencio Collado Jr.

Moreover, the following names are elevated into Colonels: Joselito Lopena, Sofronio Marquez Jr., William Peñafiel Jr., Angel Madarang, Abe Arenga, Milton Beset, Anthony Cacayuran, Romulus Joseph Canieso, Eduardo Gubat, Jesus Rico Atencio, Joselyn Bandarlipe, Gilmar Galicia, Christopher Calulot, Michael Samson, Ferdinand Barandon, Noel Baluyan, Jovencio Gonzales, Leonel Nicolas, Noel Detoyato, Rogelio Ulanday, Vincent Iringan, Noe Alberto Peñafiel, Febie Lamerez, Victor Tanggawohn Jr., Alexis Noel Bravo, Leandro Abeleda III, Rogelio Percol, Potenciano Camba, Cornelio Arboleda, Nolie Anquillano, Haroun-Al-Rashi Jaji, Georgie Domingo, Irineo Sebastian, Oliver Maquiling, Rodrigo Sosmeña, Agustin Ganaden, Robert Dancel, Faisal Nawang, Neneveigh Alcovindas, Emmanuel Garcia, Eduardo Dalit, Miguel Hortelano, Edgar Yerro, Jose Clet, Edwin Ureta, Edgar Pulohanan, Arturo Asiñero, Juan Jancilan, Danilo Detalla, Royland Orquia and Joeni Salvador Lopez. (LMC/ECA)

http://dwdd.com.ph/2015/46486-2/

MILF: Passage of the BBL will show government’s sincerity to peace deal: Maguindanaon royalty

Posted to the MILF Website (Dec 12): Passage of the BBL will show government’s sincerity to peace deal: Maguindanaon royalty

Passage of the BBL will show government’s sincerity to peace deal: Maguindanaon royalty


Saddened with the non-passage the Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL)  when Congress ended its last day of session for this year on Wednesday, Members of the Maguindanaon royal house in Southern Mindanao urge the lawmakers to continue working for the the enactment of the proposed legislation saying it will “demonstrate the government’s sincerity on its commitment to the peace agreement.”

“BBL should be passed for it will show the sincerity of the government to the peace process,” Datu Jahal Adat, Datu Kastiri sa Sugoda Buayan, said in an interview.

He said the measure will help a lot in the economic development of the Bangsamoro people. 

Mindanao island is rich in terms of natural resources,” Adat said citing the need to establish peace in the region first for the investors to come in.

“Dapat ibigay na ng gobyerno ang BBL (the government should give the BBL) to show its sincerity to the peace talks and to the Bangsamoro people,” said Datu Imam Jimmy Ubpon.

He said with passage of the measure is a good starting point for the Bangsamoro people to develop their communities. 

The religious leader believes that with Shari’ah law integrated in the BBL, domestic problems among the Bangsamoro people will be solved. 

He stressed that the BBL will help strengthen peace and order for “it will give power for us Muslims to discipline our own people.”

“We are finding solution to Bangsamoro problem and this BBL should be given to help resolve the issues in Mindanao,” said Dr. Janena Tito, Bae a Labi sa Sugoda Buayan.

Tito, an educator and former Education Secretary of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), said the measure is needed “because this is the struggle of the Bangsamoro people, to have a government of their own.”

“How can we prove our worth if they won’t try us,” she asked the government.

Tito is certain that with the Bangsamoro government in place with its people united, “peace and development which everybody desire shall be realized.”

“There is no perfect law, but there is nothing wrong if we give it a try,” Datu Al-Nezzar B. Ali, a renowned Moro visual artist opined.

“It might give us a better result,” he said considering the there are lots of educated Bangsamoro people to run its own government with the support of majority who have been yearning for better life.

Ali said the displacement of people because of war should only be a story of the past and the Bangsamoro people should start to move on with the support of the national government. 

“Yes for BBL,” Bae Janisah Mending, an active young Moro professional exclaimed. 

“We deserve equitable access to resources and opportunity,” she explained.

“I am calling all the Bangsamoro people to pray, unite and rally behind the passage of the BBL,” Datu Jahal Adat said. 

He added, “This law will give opportunity to develop, not only Mindanao but the whole country in general.”

The members of the royal house of Sugoda Buayan joined in a cultural mapping initiated by the University of the Philippines on Thursday at Sydney Hotel in General Santos City.

The BBL is the product of the peace deal between the government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front that will provide the establishment of an autonomous political entity for the Bangsamoro people.

The measure, which was drafted by the Bangsamoro Transition Commission, is hoped to usher peace and development in the Mindanao.

http://www.luwaran.com/index.php/new/item/743-passage-of-the-bbl-will-show-government-s-sincerity-to-peace-deal-maguindanaon-royalty

MILF: Debates on BBL at the House of Representatives ends

Posted to the MILF Website (Dec 18): Debates on BBL at the House of Representatives ends              

Debates on BBL at the House of Representatives ends

Six months after it was introduced to the plenary, debates on the proposed Bangsamoro Basic Law at the House of Representatives finally ends during Wednesday session. 

When Congress session resumes by January 19 , 2016, the measure moves on to the period of amendments before it is put to vote for second reading.

Lanao del Sur Representative Pangalian Balindong moved to terminate the period of interpellation upon noticing none of his colleagues signified to speak. 

He said, "Given that no member has registered to speak against the bill, I move in the spirit of Christmas that we end the period of sponsorship and debate on HB 5811.”

His motion was seconded by Sulu Rep. Tupay Loong. 

Bangsamoro Transition Commission (BTC) Chairman Mohagher Iqbal was present at the audience seat observing the proceedings of the said session.

The BTC is an institution created by the Aquino Administration which was mandated to draft the proposed law.

Peace advocates, Civil Society Organizations and other supporters of the peace process have been calling the lawmakers to pass a basic law that is acceptable to the Bangsamoro people, preferably the BBL in its original form.

The BTC Chair has earlier said they are open for amendment of the proposed law as long is it is for improvement and not for dilution.

The BBL translates the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed by the Philippine Government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) into legislation.

The measure will establish a more improved autonomous political entity which is hoped to bring the aspirations for self-governance of the Bangsamoro people into reality.

http://www.luwaran.com/index.php/new/item/742-debates-on-bbl-at-the-house-of-representatives-ends

MILF: Kadtabanga Foundation Facilitates community orientation on the Peace Process

Posted to the MILF Website (Dec 18): Kadtabanga Foundation Facilitates community orientation on the Peace Process

Kadtabanga Foundation Facilitates community orientation on the Peace Process

Sultan Mastura, Maguindanao – A Community Orientation on the Peace Process was conducted by Kadtabanga Foundation on December 13, 2015 at Sitio Sawa Madrasah, Barangay Tuka, Sultan Mastura, Maguindanao to educate residents on the gains of the peace process.

Kadtabanga Foundation Executive Director Giobay S. Diocolano said in her Opening Message that the orientation is part of the activities of a project they are currently implementing in selected municipalities of Maguindanao entitled “Building Autonomous and Stable Institutions and Communities for Bangsamoro Advancement through National-level and Grassroots Organizations and Networks or B-BANGON.”

Generally, this project seeks to ensure that the peace process is more credible and widely supported by all stakeholders, and strengthens local mechanisms for averting the escalation of violence that could affect the progress of the peace process. It was implemented by four local CSOs, such as Kadtabanga Foundation, Moro Women Development and Cultural Center (MWDECC), Mindanao Action for Peace and Development Initiatives (MAPAD), and Bangsamoro Center for Justpeace in the Philippines (BCJP) in partnership with Australian Government and The Asia Foundation (TAF),” she elaborated.

“This project is being implemented in the 23 municipalities of Maguindanao with Peace and Development Communities (PDCs) and/or those areas where settlers and indigenous peoples (IPs) are predominant,” she added.

Prof. Raby Angkal briefly discussed Bangsamoro History and some salient provisions of the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB) and the Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL). Open Forum followed to give chance to the participants to share views and ask questions.

Most of the questions raised by the participants were about the status of the BBL. They articulated their hope that Congress, both the Senate and House of Representatives will pass a BBL acceptable to the Bangsamoro people.

The Local Government Units of Barangay Tuka expressed their full support to the peace process and all peace-related undertakings of the Government of the Philippines (GPH) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).



Kadtabanga Foundation is a NGO organized after the signing of the peace accord between the GPH and MILF. It was organized to provide an avenue for the members of the Front and peace and development advocates to develop their vision, organization and program, and becomes  more responsive partners in the development of the Bangsamoro.

http://www.luwaran.com/index.php/new/item/741-kadtabanga-foundation-facilitates-community-orientation-on-the-peace-process

MILF: BLMI, UNFPA and BDA conduct Training of Trainers on Integration of Reproductive Health in Islamic Perspective

Posted to the MILF Website (Dec 18): BLMI, UNFPA and BDA conduct Training of Trainers on Integration of Reproductive Health in Islamic Perspective

BLMI, UNFPA and BDA conduct Training of Trainers on Integration of Reproductive Health in Islamic Perspective

The Bangsamoro Leadership and Management Institute (BLMI) in conjunction with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and Bangsamoro Development Agency (BDA) held a three-day Training of Trainers (TOT) on ‘Integration of Reproductive Health (RH) in Islamic Perspective’ on December 12-14, 2015 at the BLMI Training Center, Crossing Simuay, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao. 

Participants were thirty-seven individuals comprising Islamic Scholars, Arabic students and Medical practitioners from different provinces and cities of the proposed Bangsamoro Region.

It was aimed to develop a module on Reproductive Health that anchors on both Islamic and secular perspective and on Darul-Ifta (Islamic House of Opinion) on Family planning and other related issues which can be harmonized and applicable to the Bangsamoro cultural sensitivity, customs and beliefs. 

The participants also shared their knowledge and experiences in order to develop a more comprehensive, reliable and substantive training module for BLMI on reproductive health. 

Ustadza Jihan Batiting, a Shariah graduate from Al- Adzhar Cairo, Egypt, facilitated the program.   

Ms. Hafsa Arab, BLMI Staff presented the program preliminaries and participants’ expectations followed by program overview by Sheikh Abdulsalam Alabat, BLMI Extension Service Unit head and program coordinator. 

Mr. Emran Mohamad lectured on the introduction, concept of society, family, marriage, and RH in Islamic perspective by emphasizing its essentiality. Topics on choosing for an “ideal spouse” were delivered by Ustadza Jihan. 

The concept and practice of “pre-marriage arrangements” was also presented and discussed thoroughly. Workshop sessions followed to enhance participants’ knowledge on the subjects discussed. 

Another resource person presented the topic on Pre-marriage counselling during the second day. Maam Oswalda, a Registered Nurse presented her topic vividly on Pregnancy and delivery. The normal practice on Breastfeeding and supplemental feeding was also touched. 

Ustadz Maher Malaguial discussed Family Planning, emphasizing its concept in correlation to Islamic perspective. 

Ustadza Batiting also lectured on Child Care and Protection as well as the Rights of Husband to his wife and vice versa, was expounded.  

Sheikh Alabat discussed Comprehensive Gender and Health Education for Youth by stressing the current problems faced by the Bangsamoro youth nowadays. 

The participants delivered their respective message of impressions, expressed their profoundest gratitude to UNFPA, BDA, BLMI and to resource persons for the opportunity given and the knowledge imparted to them. 

They pledged to do their part in educating Bangsamoro families on what Reproductive Health is all about. 

In his closing remarks, Sheikh Mahmos S. Ahmad, BLMI Executive Director thanked the participants for their commitments and active participations. 

“As religious individuals, let us consistently educate every Bangsamoro Family and society. Islam as a religion is a way of life…it embraces all human affairs both in life and in death,” Director Ahmad said. 

 UNFPA advocates for the rights of young people, including the right to accurate information and services related to sexuality and reproductive health. Empowered with knowledge and skills to protect themselves and make informed decisions, they can realize their full potential and contribute to economic and social transformation.

http://www.luwaran.com/index.php/new/item/740-blmi-unfpa-and-bda-conduct-training-of-trainers-on-integration-of-reproductive-health-in-islamic-perspective

MILF: EU Ambassador Jessen visits MILF’s Camp Darapanan in Maguindanao

Posted to the MILF Website (Dec 18): EU Ambassador Jessen visits MILF’s Camp Darapanan in Maguindanao

EU Ambassador Jessen visits MILF’s Camp Darapanan in Maguindanao

A week ago, December 12, His Excellency Franz Jessen , European Union Ambassador and Mr. Edoardo Manfredini, Desk Officer for Mindanao visited Moro Islamic Liberation Front’s Administrative Base at Camp Darapanan, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao.

They were gladly welcomed by the leadership of the Moro Front, headed by Chairman Al Haj Murad Ebrahim and some members of the MILF Central Committee. In his welcome message, Chairman Al Haj Murad said that the mere coming of His Excellency Ambassador Jessen is a manifestation of their continued support to the peace process.

European Union have been supporting the peace process since it started, and  for that, the  MILF leadership and the Bangsamoro people are  very thankful and assures its full cooperation in working for peace in troubled-south.

Ambassador Jessen, in his opening statement expressed his interest on knowing the issues and progress of the peace process in the conflict affected Mindanao region.

Hence, Chairman Murad explicitly relates the situation of the peace process and the challenges the passage of Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) is going through.  He also explained the Road map of the peace process.

Other matters were also taken up, such as, the presence of international community being a great factor in the peace process; the unification and reconciliation  programs of MILF;  and its cooperation with the European Unions’ activities in support of the Bangsamoro Peace Process and development in the region.

The meeting was fruitful with each party committed to exert more efforts in support for the Bangsamoro People and in pursuit of peace in Southern Philippines.

http://www.luwaran.com/index.php/new/item/739-eu-ambassador-jessen-visits-milf-s-camp-darapanan-in-maguindanao

Sison: Text and Context: Radical Philippine Historiography and Revolutionary Texts in Island Southeast Asia

Posted to the Website of Jose Maria Sison (Dec 19): Text and Context: Radical Philippine Historiography and Revolutionary Texts in Island Southeast Asia

Pingkian:  Journal for Emancipatory and Anti-Imperialist Edication
Vol2, No.1, Pp. 9-22, August 2013

Text and Context:  Radical Philippine
Historiography and Revolutionary Texts in
Island Southeast Asia

Francis A. Gealogo
Ateneo de Manila University
Philippines

Introduction

The publication of The Philippine Society and Revolution1 by Amado Guerrero/Jose Ma. Sison2 created a new direction in the tradition of radical Philippine historiography that unapologetically and and unequivocally declared itself to be influenced and guided by the classical tradition of “Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung thought.” This trajectory created a generation of Philippine radical historians, social scientists and social activists who were/are appreciative of, and have a clear theoretical grounding on, the basics of Marxism as the guiding ideological principle in the understanding of Philippine historical realities.  After being published as a series of essays in the Philippine Collegian of the University of the Philippines, Sison’s work transcended its academic origins and became part of the essential readings for mass activists and revolutionaries who sought to understand Philippine realities based on the radical mode of historical interpretation.  Taking a step farther than the ones earlier established by academic and progressive historians like Teodoro Agoncillo, Cesar Majul and Renato Constantino, Guerrero was unequivocal about his use of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung Thought as the sole harbinger of ideological truth that brought to light a radical and revolutionary interpretation to Philippine society and history.  Moreover, the clear intent of the work  that it be utilized by social activists and revolutionaries and not simply be read by academics in the classrooms –  clearly distinguished itself from the other strands of radical nationalist Philippine historical studies that were more often than not confined to the walls of academic debate and discussion.

Given this trajectory, most of the reviews and reactions to Guerrero’s work tended to locate the work in the light of the essentially non-Southeast Asian and historical trajectories. These had a tendency to look at the Philippine Society and Revolution as well as the other basic documents of the Communist Party of the Philippines, as but a localized Philippine edition of the basic works of Mao Tsetung and the influences of European Marxism and Russian Leninism to radical Philippine historiography. Moreover, most of the reviews of the works would usually highlight these origins (essentially European Marxism, Russian Leninism and Chinese Maoism) as the major source of ideological inspiration and philosophical motivation that convinced Jose Ma. Sison to write the book. Given this trajectory, most of the reviews and reactions to Guerrero’s work tended to locate By placing Sison’s radical national historiography as part of the continuing ideological development of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung thought, the work was often appreciated as part of a unilinear continuum of his ideas.

Not fully highlighted by other Sison readers, however, the Philippine Society and Revolution could also be appropriately placed and located in the historical tradition of Southeast Asian radical nationalist historiography. Foremost of which was the influence to Sison of the Indonesian communist D. N. Aidit and his work Indonesian Society and Indonesian Revolution, among others. The parallel between the two works of Southeast Asian radicals seemed to go beyond the obvious similarity of the titles of the work. The “localization” (one would say “nativization”) of radical Marxist historiography in  the context of Southeast Asian social and historical realities and the application of the theory to political action in an archipelagic context were obvious parallels.

But beyond the parallelism and the resemblance, mention must also be cited on the differences in approaches and trajectories that were also obvious in the two works. The Philippine appreciation of the “lessons” of the Indonesian experience of 1965, and the Indonesian Left’s openness to parliamentary struggle prior to the debacle, somehow cemented the idea of the inevitability of armed revolution as the only solution to the contradictions facing Philippine society. On the other hand, the earlier work on the Indonesian society and revolution tended to be still open to electoral and non-armed component of social change as viable options for the revolutionaries.

Beyond the parallelism and contrast of the two works, one must also be able to locate Guerrero’s appreciation of the Southeast Asian developments in terms of nation formation and their “collective struggle against imperialism, bureaucrat capitalism and feudalism.” One may observe Guerrero’s positive and affirmative regard to the Indonesian struggle at nation formation and class-based democratic movement as something that the Philippines could emulate and follow. The references to the lessons learned from the Indonesian tragedy of 1965 clearly pointed to Guerrero’s orientation of looking at the Indonesian experience as something that may positively contribute to the understanding of the Philippine revolution. The other essays published in the compendium Struggle for National Democracy and the other party documents “Our Urgent Tasks”, “Specific Characteristics of our People’s War”, “Stand for Socialism against Modern Revisionism”, among others, indicated such an appreciation of the parallel historical experiences and social conditions of the Philippines and Indonesia ranging from the recognition of the same “archipelagic characteristics of the national geography as essential in strategizing the protracted people’s war”, as well as the recognition of the contemporary attempts of the “imperialist nations to frustrate the mass of democratic and progressive peoples from realizing their aim at national liberation in the region.”

If the contemporary Indonesian experience was something that Guerrero had a clear appreciation of, in terms of nation formation and lessons learned from the popular democratization movements of the two countries, the contrast of its reception on the national project that was Malaysia as something that should be criticized, disparaged, if not totally condemned was notable. The “colonial hand” in the project that aims at the formation of Malaysia as a nation, as well as the absence of the “people’s revolutionary movement” in the formation of that country that will serve as the catalyst to obliterate the face of the “evils of imperialism” in the region had always been noted in the early writings of Sison.

Apart from Indonesia and Malaysia, the successes of the communist movements in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia also figured prominently in Philippine communist texts. Their historical experiences were regarded as but an affirmation of the realization of the grand narrative of the historical inevitability of the victory of socialism and the eventual defeat of imperialism.

With the foregoing discussion, this paper aims to expand a reading of Amado Guerrero’s contribution to the genealogy of Philippine nationalist historiography. By locating the works of Sison as part of the genealogy of radical nationalist tradition of Southeast Asian historiography, the research aims to broaden the perspectives on the development of both Philippine and Southeast Asian historiography. At the same time, this paper also aims to contribute to the re-reading of texts and works of Southeast Asian historiography of the radical type, and possibly explain the directions, trends, and trajectories of this type of historiography, as it affected not only academic production, but more importantly, political and social movements of the region.

Moreover, this paper aims to situate the texts and works of radical Southeast Asian historiography not only as part of what was considered as its sole traditional origin from Western Marxism and its latter versions in Russia and China, but also to locate the tradition as part of post war Southeast Asian radical nationalist historiography. In doing so, the research aims to establish the modes of connectivity and

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interaction of the Southeast Asian thinkers and activists as they relate with one another and problematize the conditions of their own societies. Situating the works of Sison to the tradition of radical nationalist historiography of the region may also prove beneficial in analyzing Filipino radical nationalism during the 1960s and 1970s as having been influenced by their Southeast Asian neighbors. The varying, if not totally contrasting degrees of reception provided by Sison on Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, for example, may indicate the extent on which the genealogy of the histories of Southeast Asian nation formation was viewed, idealized and imagined by radical thinkers.

On January 1962, a young Filipino intellectual who was serving as Secretary General of the Philippine Indonesian Friendship and Cultural Association went to Jakarta, Indonesia to study comparative literature and Bahasa Indonesian. The trip was the young man’s first outside of the Philippines. The young man’s name was Jose Ma. Sison.3

In the six months of his stay in Indonesia, Sison would find Jakarta a mecca for radicals and intellectuals who were interested in establishing the praxis of the revolutionary theories of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung thought. The ideas of national liberation and socialism were not only slogans and ideas to be studied. The Indonesians had just successfully driven out the Dutch and have made a successful campaign to drive out the vestiges of colonial occupation in West Irian. Moreover, the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) was operating in the open and was considered the biggest non-ruling communist party in the world.

Sison himself would not elaborate on the extent of the way the Indonesian radicals introduced Mao Tsetung thought to him, but analysts mentioned the extreme significance of the Indonesian experience to Sison’s formative years. For once, the writings of Mao Tse tung was not yet readily available in Manila during that time. Secondly, some of the later writings of Sison would strike a remarkable resemblance to the writings of the Indonesian communist leader Dipa Nusantara Aidit.4 By the time Sison returned to the Philippines several months after his Indonesia trip, he would be contacted by the old party cadres, thru some recommendations from the PKI cadres who were operating in the Philippines, to join the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP) and would later be appointed member of the Executive Committee and head of the Youth section.

After establishing the Kabataang Makabayan (KM, Nationalist Youth) on 30 November 1964, Sison would position himself as a maverick even within the Philippine communist movement. He eventually manifested the critical stance that he had with the old guards of the party, and would be expelled from the party by April 1967. Sison insisted that they were the ones who refused to recognize the legitimacy of the old party leaders, represented by the Lava brothers and Luis Taruc, and on 26 December 1968, they “reestablished” the Communist Party of the Philippines, now ideologically guided by Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tse tung thought. With the reestablishment of the party under Sison’s leadership, radical texts were produced and reflected the ideological currents guiding the basic principles of the reestablished party. The ideological and intellectual discourses that were produced by the newly reestablished party resonated the basic formulations of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tse tung Thought. But more than a simple copy of these ideas, Sison and the newly reestablished party located the ideological positions to local Philippine conditions, and situated his points of analysis to Southeast Asian conditions.

Southeast Asian Nations and the Discourse on Unfinished Revolutions

Foremost in the emerging political discourse being formed by Sison was the idea of the emergence of the Philippine nation as a product of revolutionary movement.5 Philippine history was plotted in a radical linear trajectory, with a past characterized by revolutionary tradition, the present condition of the nation being beset by the basic problems of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucrat capitalism, and the possible glorious future, with the eventual victory of the national democratic revolution and its socialist perspective in the future. It is interesting to note that this tripartite perspective in history seem to be a localization of Marxism, influenced and patterned after the historical tradition of Philippine ilustrados like Jose Rizal, and even reflected in the revolutionary writings of Andres Bonifacio, who were both referred to by Sison as reflective of the ideas of the national democratic revolution of the old type.

In this formulation, the historical experience of nation formation, however, was incomplete, if not totally aborted, because of the unfinished revolution whose victory was overtaken by American colonialism and neo-colonialism. Despite the granting of independence in 1946, puppet regimes and imperialist control were retained, making the country backward and semi-colonial.

The early revolutionary tradition of the Philippines was projected as being that of the old type. This old type of revolution was radical and revolutionary, yet lacking in its socialist perspective. The reestablishment of the Communist Party of the Philippines and the emergence of the ideological truths of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung Thought made the Philippines experience a new type of national democratic revolution.

Two things could be stated as foremost in this line of analysis. One is the idea of two-line struggle maintained and retained in the course of interpreting Philippine national history. Revolutionary movements in the past succeeded or failed as a result of the struggles between correct and incorrect ideas. The failure of the early Philippine revolution was due not only to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, but also because the collaboration of the ruling feudal lords and comprador bourgeoisie, that constituted the social base of American imperialism in the country. The ruling elites also collaborated with the Japanese in the latter period of the Second World War, while the post war, “independence” period were marked by the ascendancy of what he termed as puppet regimes. The need to “rectify the errors and rebuild the party”, the line of analysis that justified the reestablishment of the communist party, was a result of the historical trajectory of the two line struggle. The persistence of imperialist controls, feudal structures, and the general malaise of society characterized by bureaucrat capitalism, remained basic problems that should be addressed. The revolution was unfinished, semi- colonialism and semi-feudalism remained the basic characteristics of the conditions of Philippine society, and it was the task of the communist party to realize the completion of the Philippine revolution to its fullest.

Related to this was the idea that the revolutionary tradition in Philippine history pointed to the direction of the necessity of armed struggle and the historical inevitability of the revolution. Tracing the trajectory of Philippine history as necessarily characterized by the historical tradition of armed revolutionary movements, the realization of the historical experience of nation formation and the completion of the national democratic revolution must be realized as an historical inevitability, if only to complete the revolutionary cycle of society. Revolts and rebellions against imperialism and colonialism were constant features of Philippine history, according to Sison. Imperialism was the main enemy of national liberation and was presented as the main force that maintained the social base of feudalism, and the political power of the parasitic ruling class that thrived on bureaucrat capitalism. If the unfinished revolution was to be completed, according to Sison, the social scientific theory of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung thought must be applied, recognizing the leadership of the proletariat as well as the organized leadership of the party in realizing the revolution.

Given the above, one could say that the text Philippine Society and Revolution could be viewed as Sison’s attempts at applying the basic tenets of radical ideology such as class analysis, mode of production, revolutionary action, and similar ideas, to Philippine historiography. Moreover, locating the communist movement in the revolutionary tradition of the nation located the organization as the major force in advancing armed revolutionary change. The discourse on the nation as undeveloped and in a state of incomplete being due to the basic problems of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism, was
12

presented as an outcome of the unfinished tasks of the revolution. Nation and revolution was presented and represented as having parallel, if not identical historical trajectories.

If the revolutionary tradition was presented as being rooted in Philippine history, so did the presentation on the formation of other Southeast Asian nations presented as conceived out of revolutionary transformations. Thus,

Ang mga magigiting na mamamayan ng Bietnam, Laos, Taylandia, Indonesya, Burma, Malaya at iba pa ay lumalaban sa imperyalismong Amerikano at pyudalismo. Mapalad ang sambayanang Pilipino at Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas na mapaloob sa sentro ng sigwa ng pandaigdigang rebolusyong proletaryo.6 (The heroic peoples of Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Burma, Malaya others are combating American imperialism and feudalism. The Filipino people and the Communist Party of the Philippines are fortunate to be within the center of the storm of international proletarian revolution…)

Southeast Asian nation formation was made possible because of the revolutionary movements by the proletariat of the region. To Sison, the region was at the center of the revolutionary storm that was brewing, and would resonate in the international proletarian struggles worldwide. Southeast Asia would serve as the fulcrum of the struggles and would contribute to define the orientation of the global proletarian movement. It was because of such strategic importance that imperialist forces, just like the forces found internally in the Philippines, were as interested in retaining control of the region as they were threatened by this revolutionary storm. Thus, contemporary Southeast Asian history, according to Sison, was also characterized by imperialist manipulation and control.

“Mula noong matapos and Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, sinuportahan ng papet na gubyerno ng Pilipinas ang mga pakana ng imperyalismong US sa Asya tulad ng kampanyang anti-Tsina, digmaang mapanalakay sa Korea at sa Indotsina, muling pagbuhay ng militarismong Hapones, kampanyang gawing lehitimo ang “Malaysia” na inimbento ng mga imperyalismtang US at Britaniko, at pagsuporta sa makahayop na pagsupil at pagsalakay ng pangkating Suharto sa sambayanang Indones…” 7 (Since the end of the Second World War, the puppet governments of the Philippine supported the designs of US Imperialism in Asia, like the anti-China campaign, the war of aggression in Korea and Indochina, the revival of Japanese militarism, the campaign to give legitimacy to “Malaysia” that was an invention of US and British imperialism, and the support to the brutal suppression and attacks of the Suharto clique to the Indonesian peoples…”)

If the revolutionary nations were to be revered for their historic roles, the imperialist designs of the US, Japan and Britain were viewed as stumbling blocks for the realization of the formation of genuine nations. In fact, most national democratic literature referred to non-revolutionary Malaysia as artificially constructed and invented by imperialist designs, and its evolutionary character as having been peacefully formed after the granting of independence by the British was seen as an unnatural invention. While Sison recognized the heroism of the peoples of Malaya (referring to the communist movement in the peninsula), Malaysia was to be denigrated as a colonial construct and invention. Suharto’s ascendancy to the Indonesian presidency, on the other hand, was condemned as an attack against the Indonesian peoples, as it was instrumental in the suppression of the communist movement in that country, and was notoriously identified as having been supported by the United States in its anti- communist campaigns.

13
the possible glorious future, with the eventual victory of the national democratic revolution and its socialist perspective in the future. It is interesting to note that this tripartite perspective in history seem to be a localization of Marxism, influenced and patterned after the historical tradition of Philippine ilustrados like Jose Rizal, and even reflected in the revolutionary writings of Andres Bonifacio, who were both referred to by Sison as reflective of the ideas of the national democratic revolution of the old type.

In this formulation, the historical experience of nation formation, however, was incomplete, if not totally aborted, because of the unfinished revolution whose victory was overtaken by American colonialism and neo-colonialism. Despite the granting of independence in 1946, puppet regimes and imperialist control were retained, making the country backward and semi-colonial.

The early revolutionary tradition of the Philippines was projected as being that of the old type. This old type of revolution was radical and revolutionary, yet lacking in its socialist perspective. The reestablishment of the Communist Party of the Philippines and the emergence of the ideological truths of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung Thought made the Philippines experience a new type of national democratic revolution.

Two things could be stated as foremost in this line of analysis. One is the idea of two-line struggle maintained and retained in the course of interpreting Philippine national history. Revolutionary movements in the past succeeded or failed as a result of the struggles between correct and incorrect ideas. The failure of the early Philippine revolution was due not only to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, but also because the collaboration of the ruling feudal lords and comprador bourgeoisie, that constituted the social base of American imperialism in the country. The ruling elites also collaborated with the Japanese in the latter period of the Second World War, while the post war, “independence” period were marked by the ascendancy of what he termed as puppet regimes. The need to “rectify the errors and rebuild the party”, the line of analysis that justified the reestablishment of the communist party, was a result of the historical trajectory of the two line struggle. The persistence of imperialist controls, feudal structures, and the general malaise of society characterized by bureaucrat capitalism, remained basic problems that should be addressed. The revolution was unfinished, semi- colonialism and semi-feudalism remained the basic characteristics of the conditions of Philippine society, and it was the task of the communist party to realize the completion of the Philippine revolution to its fullest.

Related to this was the idea that the revolutionary tradition in Philippine history pointed to the direction of the necessity of armed struggle and the historical inevitability of the revolution. Tracing the trajectory of Philippine history as necessarily characterized by the historical tradition of armed revolutionary movements, the realization of the historical experience of nation formation and the completion of the national democratic revolution must be realized as an historical inevitability, if only to complete the revolutionary cycle of society. Revolts and rebellions against imperialism and colonialism were constant features of Philippine history, according to Sison. Imperialism was the main enemy of national liberation and was presented as the main force that maintained the social base of feudalism, and the political power of the parasitic ruling class that thrived on bureaucrat capitalism. If the unfinished revolution was to be completed, according to Sison, the social scientific theory of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung thought must be applied, recognizing the leadership of the proletariat as well as the organized leadership of the party in realizing the revolution.

Given the above, one could say that the text Philippine Society and Revolution could be viewed as Sison’s attempts at applying the basic tenets of radical ideology such as class analysis, mode of production, revolutionary action, and similar ideas, to Philippine historiography. Moreover, locating the communist movement in the revolutionary tradition of the nation located the organization as the major force in advancing armed revolutionary change. The discourse on the nation as undeveloped and in a state of incomplete being due to the basic problems of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism, was

presented as an outcome of the unfinished tasks of the revolution. Nation and revolution was presented and represented as having parallel, if not identical historical trajectories.

If the revolutionary tradition was presented as being rooted in Philippine history, so did the presentation on the formation of other Southeast Asian nations presented as conceived out of revolutionary transformations. Thus,

Ang mga magigiting na mamamayan ng Bietnam, Laos, Taylandia, Indonesya, Burma, Malaya at iba pa ay lumalaban sa imperyalismong Amerikano at pyudalismo. Mapalad ang sambayanang Pilipino at Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas na mapaloob sa sentro ng sigwa ng pandaigdigang rebolusyong proletaryo.6 (The heroic peoples of Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Burma, Malaya others are combating American imperialism and feudalism. The Filipino people and the Communist Party of the Philippines are fortunate to be within the center of the storm of international proletarian revolution…)

Southeast Asian nation formation was made possible because of the revolutionary movements by the proletariat of the region. To Sison, the region was at the center of the revolutionary storm that was brewing, and would resonate in the international proletarian struggles worldwide. Southeast Asia would serve as the fulcrum of the struggles and would contribute to define the orientation of the global proletarian movement. It was because of such strategic importance that imperialist forces, just like the forces found internally in the Philippines, were as interested in retaining control of the region as they were threatened by this revolutionary storm. Thus, contemporary Southeast Asian history, according to Sison, was also characterized by imperialist manipulation and control.

“Mula noong matapos and Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, sinuportahan ng papet na gubyerno ng Pilipinas ang mga pakana ng imperyalismong US sa Asya tulad ng kampanyang anti-Tsina, digmaang mapanalakay sa Korea at sa Indotsina, muling pagbuhay ng militarismong Hapones, kampanyang gawing lehitimo ang “Malaysia” na inimbento ng mga imperyalismtang US at Britaniko, at pagsuporta sa makahayop na pagsupil at pagsalakay ng pangkating Suharto sa sambayanang Indones…” 7 (Since the end of the Second World War, the puppet governments of the Philippine supported the designs of US Imperialism in Asia, like the anti-China campaign, the war of aggression in Korea and Indochina, the revival of Japanese militarism, the campaign to give legitimacy to “Malaysia” that was an invention of US and British imperialism, and the support to the brutal suppression and attacks of the Suharto clique to the Indonesian peoples…”)

If the revolutionary nations were to be revered for their historic roles, the imperialist designs of the US, Japan and Britain were viewed as stumbling blocks for the realization of the formation of genuine nations. In fact, most national democratic literature referred to non-revolutionary Malaysia as artificially constructed and invented by imperialist designs, and its evolutionary character as having been peacefully formed after the granting of independence by the British was seen as an unnatural invention. While Sison recognized the heroism of the peoples of Malaya (referring to the communist movement in the peninsula), Malaysia was to be denigrated as a colonial construct and invention. Suharto’s ascendancy to the Indonesian presidency, on the other hand, was condemned as an attack against the Indonesian peoples, as it was instrumental in the suppression of the communist movement in that country, and was notoriously identified as having been supported by the United States in its anti- communist campaigns.

13 This discourse on nation and revolution in Southeast Asian communist discourse was not unique to Sison. The discourse on the unfinished revolution was also to be found in the writings of D.N. Aidit. As one expert on Indonesian communism argues,

The national revolution, Aidit argued, was not yet finished: it had not totally failed, but it had been blocked in both its national and social aspects, leaving Indonesia in a ‘semi-colonial and semi-feudal’ limbo.8

While Indonesia was successful in booting out the Dutch, nationalizing its industries, and unilaterally abrogating the unequal and traitorous agreements with the Netherlands, US and Dutch imperialism still dominated the economy and held back the development of the national industry.9 Similar to what Sison would formulate, Aidit would advance the idea of Indonesia being a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. To him, US imperialism has become the most dangerous, the No. 1 enemy of the Indonesian people, and feudal exploitation characterized the nature of Indonesian rural society. 10

While both Sison and Aidit agreed on the analysis of their respective societies as semi-feudal and semi-colonial, they differed essentially on the conduct of revolutionary transformation that the countries should take. Being an open, legal party with organized mass base and significant influence on the government, the PKI was projecting itself as ready and able to take on the responsibilities of national administration, and therefore, would not resort to revolutionary violence for so long as it was not attacked first by the ruling classes, thus,

In the struggle to realize their political convictions, the communists will not use force while the ruling class still leaves the peaceful, the parliamentary way open. If there is the use of force, the spilling of blood, a civil war, it will not be the communists who start them but the ruling class itself…”11

The Indonesian debacle, while not discussed in Philippine Society and Revolution, must have greatly affected Sison’s conviction of the inevitability of revolutionary violence and the necessity of revolutionary action. Conscious of the catastrophe and disaster that was the experience of Indonesian communists in 1965, Sison must have realized the need to be uncompromising in terms of putting forward the necessity for armed revolution as a basic characteristic of the Philippine revolution. The actuations of the Suharto government towards the communists, and its parallel policies of pro- Americanism and anti-communism that reverberated in the policies of other Southeast Asian authoritarian regimes including the Philippines’ Ferdinand Marcos, must have affected the analysis of Sison and firmed up his belief in armed revolutionary change.

The other comparable item that could be raised was the periodization of their respective national histories as presented in the revolutionary writings of Sison and Aidit. Most of the writings on Philippine history by Sison and the Communist Party of the Philippines present the following component periods in Philippine history: The People Upon the Coming of the Spanish colonialists; Spanish colonialism and Feudalism; the Philippine Revolution of 1896; The Filipino-American War; the Colonial Rule of US Imperialism; the People’s Struggle against Japanese imperialism; the present puppet Republic of the Philippines; and the Reestablishment of the Communist Party of the Philippines. This mode of historical interpretation, while clearly applying Marxist formulations, were still reflective of the historiographical tradition found in most Philippine historiographic literature, and whose main points of periodic division was used even by non-Marxist historians, save for the last period. The difference was in its attempt to provide an outline into the development and evolution of the Philippines in historical terms – into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society with emphasis on the trajectory of history that was projected to gain full fruition with the accomplishments of the revolutionary struggles, culminating in the reestablishment of the communist party.

The Indonesian historical periodization, on the other hand, had a more manifest orientation in terms of applying Marxist historical materialist notions of social development. Most reviews of the historical development of Indonesia divide the nation’s historical periods into seven parts including, the period of primitive communes; period of slave owning system; feudal society; feudal and colonial society; colonial and semi-feudal society; independence and semi-feudal society; semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.12 It must be noted that common to both periodization was the culmination of the historical development of society as a semi-feudal and semi-colonial one, with the revolutionary experience becoming unfinished in the process. Both justified the continuation of the revolution, with Sison emphasizing more the armed component of the revolution, while Aidit emphasizing the evolution of the political plans of action of the PKI under various circumstances.

Specific Characteristics of Southeast Asian Peoples’ Wars

Another indication of the application of the principles of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung thought to local condition was the document written by Sison entitled “Specific Characteristics of Our People’s War.”13 The document tried to offer lessons of revolutionary practice for movements in countries that were also characterized as archipelagic.

While the other countries that were able to attain revolutionary victories through protracted people’s war did so by establishing revolutionary bases in the continental rear and encircling the major cities from there, the Philippines did not have such a terrain that was conducive for revolutionary warfare.

“…our small country is cut off by seas from neighboring countries, particularly those friendly to our revolutionary cause. The Vietnamese, Cambodian and Laotian peoples are more fortunate than us in one sense because they share land borders with China, which serves as their powerful rear.14

While recognizing the particularities of the Philippine terrain being archipelagic, Sison brought emphasis on the revolutionary potential of such specific geographic characteristics. Guerrilla fronts could be created in the major islands forcing the enemy to disperse its forces and prevent it from concentrating its troops on major base areas. Mountain ranges that characterized most of the features of the major islands could serve as guerrilla sanctuaries and bases from which guerrilla units could maintain political and military influence on a number of provinces bordering its range.

This line of analysis was something unique to Sison’s assessment of the Philippine communist movement. Even the Indonesian communists, with its larger archipelagic terrain, did not emphasize such unique geographical characteristics. The reason might lie in the emphasis on armed revolution on the part of the Philippines, and engagement with an established regime, on the part of Indonesia. The archipelagic nature of the Indonesian struggle was mentioned only in the idea of building the PKI as a nationwide mass party, but the specific concern over such diverse geographic conditions led to different conclusions. Contemporaneous Indonesian party documents seemed to emphasize more the challenge of integrating the many nationalities and citizens of foreign descent into the revolutionary fold of the PKI as a mass party, and that emphasized the successes of the party in terms of highlighting the policy of striving for complete equality of rights for the nationalities. With this, the two traditions diverged, with one emphasizing the physical division of Philippine society according to the many islands and mountains that create diverse and separate communities, while the other addressing the issue of nationality and citizenship in the struggle. In both instances, the particular, local condition was given importance in advancing the strategies for revolutionary struggle, and the more universal Marxist categorization such as class being regarded more as a given. The differences may also reveal the manner on which the two revolutions were to be carried out. In the Philippine case, the geographic feature of the terrain was important for this would set the stage for the material conditions of the

15 This discourse on nation and revolution in Southeast Asian communist discourse was not unique to Sison. The discourse on the unfinished revolution was also to be found in the writings of D.N. Aidit. As one expert on Indonesian communism argues,

The national revolution, Aidit argued, was not yet finished: it had not totally failed, but it had been blocked in both its national and social aspects, leaving Indonesia in a ‘semi-colonial and semi-feudal’ limbo.8

While Indonesia was successful in booting out the Dutch, nationalizing its industries, and unilaterally abrogating the unequal and traitorous agreements with the Netherlands, US and Dutch imperialism still dominated the economy and held back the development of the national industry.9 Similar to what Sison would formulate, Aidit would advance the idea of Indonesia being a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. To him, US imperialism has become the most dangerous, the No. 1 enemy of the Indonesian people, and feudal exploitation characterized the nature of Indonesian rural society. 10

While both Sison and Aidit agreed on the analysis of their respective societies as semi-feudal and semi-colonial, they differed essentially on the conduct of revolutionary transformation that the countries should take. Being an open, legal party with organized mass base and significant influence on the government, the PKI was projecting itself as ready and able to take on the responsibilities of national administration, and therefore, would not resort to revolutionary violence for so long as it was not attacked first by the ruling classes, thus,

In the struggle to realize their political convictions, the communists will not use force while the ruling class still leaves the peaceful, the parliamentary way open. If there is the use of force, the spilling of blood, a civil war, it will not be the communists who start them but the ruling class itself…”11

The Indonesian debacle, while not discussed in Philippine Society and Revolution, must have greatly affected Sison’s conviction of the inevitability of revolutionary violence and the necessity of revolutionary action. Conscious of the catastrophe and disaster that was the experience of Indonesian communists in 1965, Sison must have realized the need to be uncompromising in terms of putting forward the necessity for armed revolution as a basic characteristic of the Philippine revolution. The actuations of the Suharto government towards the communists, and its parallel policies of pro- Americanism and anti-communism that reverberated in the policies of other Southeast Asian authoritarian regimes including the Philippines’ Ferdinand Marcos, must have affected the analysis of Sison and firmed up his belief in armed revolutionary change.

The other comparable item that could be raised was the periodization of their respective national histories as presented in the revolutionary writings of Sison and Aidit. Most of the writings on Philippine history by Sison and the Communist Party of the Philippines present the following component periods in Philippine history: The People Upon the Coming of the Spanish colonialists; Spanish colonialism and Feudalism; the Philippine Revolution of 1896; The Filipino-American War; the Colonial Rule of US Imperialism; the People’s Struggle against Japanese imperialism; the present puppet Republic of the Philippines; and the Reestablishment of the Communist Party of the Philippines. This mode of historical interpretation, while clearly applying Marxist formulations, were still reflective of the historiographical tradition found in most Philippine historiographic literature, and whose main points of periodic division was used even by non-Marxist historians, save for the last period. The difference was in its attempt to provide an outline into the development and evolution of the Philippines in historical terms – into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society with emphasis on the trajectory of history that was projected to gain full fruition with the accomplishments of the revolutionary struggles, culminating in the reestablishment of the communist party.

The Indonesian historical periodization, on the other hand, had a more manifest orientation in terms of applying Marxist historical materialist notions of social development. Most reviews of the historical development of Indonesia divide the nation’s historical periods into seven parts including, the period of primitive communes; period of slave owning system; feudal society; feudal and colonial society; colonial and semi-feudal society; independence and semi-feudal society; semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.12 It must be noted that common to both periodization was the culmination of the historical development of society as a semi-feudal and semi-colonial one, with the revolutionary experience becoming unfinished in the process. Both justified the continuation of the revolution, with Sison emphasizing more the armed component of the revolution, while Aidit emphasizing the evolution of the political plans of action of the PKI under various circumstances.

Specific Characteristics of Southeast Asian Peoples’ Wars

Another indication of the application of the principles of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung thought to local condition was the document written by Sison entitled “Specific Characteristics of Our People’s War.”13 The document tried to offer lessons of revolutionary practice for movements in countries that were also characterized as archipelagic.

While the other countries that were able to attain revolutionary victories through protracted people’s war did so by establishing revolutionary bases in the continental rear and encircling the major cities from there, the Philippines did not have such a terrain that was conducive for revolutionary warfare.

“…our small country is cut off by seas from neighboring countries, particularly those friendly to our revolutionary cause. The Vietnamese, Cambodian and Laotian peoples are more fortunate than us in one sense because they share land borders with China, which serves as their powerful rear.14

While recognizing the particularities of the Philippine terrain being archipelagic, Sison brought emphasis on the revolutionary potential of such specific geographic characteristics. Guerrilla fronts could be created in the major islands forcing the enemy to disperse its forces and prevent it from concentrating its troops on major base areas. Mountain ranges that characterized most of the features of the major islands could serve as guerrilla sanctuaries and bases from which guerrilla units could maintain political and military influence on a number of provinces bordering its range.

This line of analysis was something unique to Sison’s assessment of the Philippine communist movement. Even the Indonesian communists, with its larger archipelagic terrain, did not emphasize such unique geographical characteristics. The reason might lie in the emphasis on armed revolution on the part of the Philippines, and engagement with an established regime, on the part of Indonesia. The archipelagic nature of the Indonesian struggle was mentioned only in the idea of building the PKI as a nationwide mass party, but the specific concern over such diverse geographic conditions led to different conclusions. Contemporaneous Indonesian party documents seemed to emphasize more the challenge of integrating the many nationalities and citizens of foreign descent into the revolutionary fold of the PKI as a mass party, and that emphasized the successes of the party in terms of highlighting the policy of striving for complete equality of rights for the nationalities. With this, the two traditions diverged, with one emphasizing the physical division of Philippine society according to the many islands and mountains that create diverse and separate communities, while the other addressing the issue of nationality and citizenship in the struggle. In both instances, the particular, local condition was given importance in advancing the strategies for revolutionary struggle, and the more universal Marxist categorization such as class being regarded more as a given. The differences may also reveal the manner on which the two revolutions were to be carried out. In the Philippine case, the geographic feature of the terrain was important for this would set the stage for the material conditions of the
launching of an armed revolution. In the Indonesian situation, the question of diverse nationalities and citizenship of the constituent populations need to be addressed in building a mass base for a nationwide open, legal political party. So concerned was the PKI about the projecting the party as a mass national party that it opted to “place the interests of class and of the party below the national interest, or place the national interest above the interests of class and of the party.”16

Sison and the Communist Party of the Philippines also tried to project the revolutionary optimism that characterized most of their writings. Locating the Philippine revolution in Southeast Asia had always been a major feature of his radical writings.

“…but all other persistent armed struggles in Southeast Asia, of which our people’s war is one, promise to eventually grow in significance and effectiveness as the turmoil of the capitalist system worsens and US imperialism declines further. The revolutionary armed struggles in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos have served to stress the fact that since after World War II, it has become possible for the peoples of the colonial and semicolonial countries in the East to develop over a long period of time big and small revolutionary base areas, wage long term revolutionary wars, in which the cities are encircled from the countryside and then gradually to advance on the cities and win nationwide victory. 17

The Urgent Tasks of Southeast Asian Revolutions

The revolutionary writings of Sison were clearly influenced by the emergence of new political forces and tendencies in the region. The development of pro-US authoritarian regimes would mean more repressive anti-communist governments in the region, like Marcos for the Philippines, and Suharto for Indonesia. In the document “Our Urgent Tasks” Sison outlined the immediate tasks of the revolutionary forces given to the new developments. The strategic importance of armed struggle was a constant factor mentioned in all portions of the document. The development of the armed revolutionary movement in the countryside; the revolutionary mass movement in the cities; as well as the establishment of an antifascist, anti feudal and anti imperialist united front movement were all tasks of Philippine communists living under a period of heightened political repression. The three weapons of the revolution – the party, the people’s army and the united front – were all given due importance in the document as instruments that would assure the victory of the national democratic revolution with a socialist perspective in the Philippines.

The debacles of the revolutionary movements in the region such as the catastrophic defeats of the communist movements in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand were never mentioned in the document. Though it was clear that the Philippine communist movement have realized the consequences of the consolidation of pro-US regimes in the region, it chose to maintain its revolutionary optimism by emphasizing the communist victories of other countries. In contemporary Southeast Asian experiences of nation formation, “Malaysia” was to be condemned as an artificial invention of imperialist countries like the US and Britain, Indonesia initially was the hotbed of revolutionary activities but was aborted by the coup of Suharto, while the nations of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were to be regarded as models in the realization of revolutionary victories. They served as a beacon of light to socialist construction according to Sison, and had proven that small nations can be recognized as capable of contributing to world revolutions. In the words of the communist party,

“The astounding revolutionary victories of the Indochinese peoples of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos have signaled the irreversible decline of US Imperialism in Southeast Asia, in the whole of Asia, in the whole world and it its very homegrounds. We are enthusiastic that the peoples of small countries can deal so stunning a blow to US imperialism and make so great a contribution to world revolutions.18

Southeast Asian socialist revolutions, therefore, could still be launched despite its debacles and problems. The document stated its stand for the continuation of the revolution as an historical imperative that should define the nature of the contributions of the region to world socialist revolution.

Maintaining the Stand for Socialism

While the three documents highlighted the importance of particularizing the conditions of the Philippine national democratic movement to local and Southeast Asian conditions, mention must also be made of the Party’s attempts to continue explaining to itself and to the broader masses, its political stance on various issues of contemporary concern both in the local, domestic Philippine conditions, and in the international front. Foremost in this were the developments in China, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, as well as current developments in the revolutionary societies in Southeast Asia.

In the party document “Stand for Socialism against Modern Revisionism” 19 released by the Central Committee in 1992, the party reaffirmed its basic principles and blamed modern revisionism for the debacles experienced by attempts at socialist construction in other countries and regions of the world. What failed, according to this analysis, was not socialism, but modern revisionism. Kruschov, Breszhnev and Gorbachov all created conditions in the former Soviet Union that made possible the eventual collapse of bureaucratic oriented orders that have already capitulated to the capitalist system even during the time that they were the dominant political force in the Soviet Union.

The collapse of the regimes in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, according to the document, were inevitable, considering that these societies’ deviation from the basic tenets of Marxism, in seeking accommodation with the imperialist countries, and with the advancement of revisionist ideals that could be considered as treasonous to the ideals of the international socialist movement. This line of argumentation was consistent with the reading that the Soviet Union was a “social imperialist state” and should be considered equally as an enemy of the socialist man just like the imperialist forces of the United States. While the document credited the Soviet Union for its support in the revolutionary wars in Vietnam, Nicaragua and Angola, it was unequivocal in its criticism towards the Soviet policies in Afghanistan and Cambodia and was extremely critical of the way it promoted and participated in the arms race with the United States.

It also regarded Soviet support to Vietnam as positive commitment of aid to a fraternal socialist movement, it nonetheless was critical of the Soviet’s low priority and regard to the Vietnamese revolution, stating that even during the Kruschov era, the Soviets prioritized the selling of arms to other nations who could pay more than the Vietnamese, even to the point of hesitating to give limited support to the Indochinese revolution, and struggling not to endorse the revolutionary armed struggle of the Vietnamese peoples.20

While the document appeared to be an elaboration of the Soviet failures as external to Philippine radical and revolutionary movement, one could be more appreciative of the uncompromising criticism to “Soviet social imperialism” if one was to locate the ideological formulation of the party in the history of its development. Sison was expelled from the old party and sought to reestablish a new one because of the Philippine local communist groups’ own internal debates. While the old party remained loyal to the Soviet Union and its allies in waging the revolution, the reestablished party under Sison sought to redirect the ideological currents of the movement towards Mao Tsetung Thought. It should also be noted that the reestablished party never saw any positive move at establishing fraternal relations with the CPSU when the Soviet Union recognized both the martial law regime under Ferdinand Marcos, and the old Philippine communist party that sought to be accommodated in the martial law government, while the newly reestablished party remained vigorously anti-Marcos and against martial law. The old party and the CPSU’s analysis that the Marcos regime was not an extension of American imperialist

17 launching of an armed revolution. In the Indonesian situation, the question of diverse nationalities and citizenship of the constituent populations need to be addressed in building a mass base for a nationwide open, legal political party. So concerned was the PKI about the projecting the party as a mass national party that it opted to “place the interests of class and of the party below the national interest, or place the national interest above the interests of class and of the party.”16

Sison and the Communist Party of the Philippines also tried to project the revolutionary optimism that characterized most of their writings. Locating the Philippine revolution in Southeast Asia had always been a major feature of his radical writings.

“…but all other persistent armed struggles in Southeast Asia, of which our people’s war is one, promise to eventually grow in significance and effectiveness as the turmoil of the capitalist system worsens and US imperialism declines further. The revolutionary armed struggles in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos have served to stress the fact that since after World War II, it has become possible for the peoples of the colonial and semicolonial countries in the East to develop over a long period of time big and small revolutionary base areas, wage long term revolutionary wars, in which the cities are encircled from the countryside and then gradually to advance on the cities and win nationwide victory. 17

The Urgent Tasks of Southeast Asian Revolutions

The revolutionary writings of Sison were clearly influenced by the emergence of new political forces and tendencies in the region. The development of pro-US authoritarian regimes would mean more repressive anti-communist governments in the region, like Marcos for the Philippines, and Suharto for Indonesia. In the document “Our Urgent Tasks” Sison outlined the immediate tasks of the revolutionary forces given to the new developments. The strategic importance of armed struggle was a constant factor mentioned in all portions of the document. The development of the armed revolutionary movement in the countryside; the revolutionary mass movement in the cities; as well as the establishment of an antifascist, anti feudal and anti imperialist united front movement were all tasks of Philippine communists living under a period of heightened political repression. The three weapons of the revolution – the party, the people’s army and the united front – were all given due importance in the document as instruments that would assure the victory of the national democratic revolution with a socialist perspective in the Philippines.

The debacles of the revolutionary movements in the region such as the catastrophic defeats of the communist movements in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand were never mentioned in the document. Though it was clear that the Philippine communist movement have realized the consequences of the consolidation of pro-US regimes in the region, it chose to maintain its revolutionary optimism by emphasizing the communist victories of other countries. In contemporary Southeast Asian experiences of nation formation, “Malaysia” was to be condemned as an artificial invention of imperialist countries like the US and Britain, Indonesia initially was the hotbed of revolutionary activities but was aborted by the coup of Suharto, while the nations of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were to be regarded as models in the realization of revolutionary victories. They served as a beacon of light to socialist construction according to Sison, and had proven that small nations can be recognized as capable of contributing to world revolutions. In the words of the communist party,

“The astounding revolutionary victories of the Indochinese peoples of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos have signaled the irreversible decline of US Imperialism in Southeast Asia, in the whole of Asia, in the whole world and it its very homegrounds. We are enthusiastic that the peoples of small countries can deal so stunning a blow to US imperialism and make so great a contribution to world revolutions.18

16

Southeast Asian socialist revolutions, therefore, could still be launched despite its debacles and problems. The document stated its stand for the continuation of the revolution as an historical imperative that should define the nature of the contributions of the region to world socialist revolution.

Maintaining the Stand for Socialism

While the three documents highlighted the importance of particularizing the conditions of the Philippine national democratic movement to local and Southeast Asian conditions, mention must also be made of the Party’s attempts to continue explaining to itself and to the broader masses, its political stance on various issues of contemporary concern both in the local, domestic Philippine conditions, and in the international front. Foremost in this were the developments in China, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, as well as current developments in the revolutionary societies in Southeast Asia.

In the party document “Stand for Socialism against Modern Revisionism” 19 released by the Central Committee in 1992, the party reaffirmed its basic principles and blamed modern revisionism for the debacles experienced by attempts at socialist construction in other countries and regions of the world. What failed, according to this analysis, was not socialism, but modern revisionism. Kruschov, Breszhnev and Gorbachov all created conditions in the former Soviet Union that made possible the eventual collapse of bureaucratic oriented orders that have already capitulated to the capitalist system even during the time that they were the dominant political force in the Soviet Union.

The collapse of the regimes in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, according to the document, were inevitable, considering that these societies’ deviation from the basic tenets of Marxism, in seeking accommodation with the imperialist countries, and with the advancement of revisionist ideals that could be considered as treasonous to the ideals of the international socialist movement. This line of argumentation was consistent with the reading that the Soviet Union was a “social imperialist state” and should be considered equally as an enemy of the socialist man just like the imperialist forces of the United States. While the document credited the Soviet Union for its support in the revolutionary wars in Vietnam, Nicaragua and Angola, it was unequivocal in its criticism towards the Soviet policies in Afghanistan and Cambodia and was extremely critical of the way it promoted and participated in the arms race with the United States.

It also regarded Soviet support to Vietnam as positive commitment of aid to a fraternal socialist movement, it nonetheless was critical of the Soviet’s low priority and regard to the Vietnamese revolution, stating that even during the Kruschov era, the Soviets prioritized the selling of arms to other nations who could pay more than the Vietnamese, even to the point of hesitating to give limited support to the Indochinese revolution, and struggling not to endorse the revolutionary armed struggle of the Vietnamese peoples.20
While the document appeared to be an elaboration of the Soviet failures as external to Philippine radical and revolutionary movement, one could be more appreciative of the uncompromising criticism to “Soviet social imperialism” if one was to locate the ideological formulation of the party in the history of its development. Sison was expelled from the old party and sought to reestablish a new one because of the Philippine local communist groups’ own internal debates. While the old party remained loyal to the Soviet Union and its allies in waging the revolution, the reestablished party under Sison sought to redirect the ideological currents of the movement towards Mao Tsetung Thought. It should also be noted that the reestablished party never saw any positive move at establishing fraternal relations with the CPSU when the Soviet Union recognized both the martial law regime under Ferdinand Marcos, and the old Philippine communist party that sought to be accommodated in the martial law government, while the newly reestablished party remained vigorously anti-Marcos and against martial law. The old party and the CPSU’s analysis that the Marcos regime was not an extension of American imperialist

17 rule, but a political representative of the local national bourgeoisie, did not create better conditions for rapproachement.

In fact, even the internal debates that wracked the national democratic movement in the period before 1992 focused not on the problems related to the survival of the regimes of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, but still to the old debate that these regimes were no longer essentially socialist because of their modern revisionist orientations and perspectives. These internal debates which led to the second major split in the Philippine communist movement, also focused on the suggested party policy of some formerly internal rival camps that sought to recognize the Soviet Union, apologize for the CPP’s labeling of it as a social imperialist and modern revisionist, and withdrawal of its criticism of Soviet policies on Cambodia and Afghanistan.21

While the Indonesian debacle was no longer mentioned in the document, one can still tangentially advance the two parties’ common criticism of Right and “Left” opportunism within the party, and the scourge of modern revisionism as potential internal threats to the integrity of the socialist movement in Southeast Asia.22

“Stand for Socialism” was a testament to the Philippine national democratic movement’s desire to retain relavant vanguard role in the revolutionary movement in Southeast Asia. Being the oldest existing armed communist movement still in operation in the region, the Communist Party of the Philippines seeks to redefine its role and its modes of analysis to national and international situations. With the publication of the document, the movement sought to gain recognition that radical nationalist ideas of the socialist type, would still be an idea to reckon with, in the light of the changing terrain of knowledge production and political action in Southeast Asia.

Postscript: Locating the Nation, Rediscovering Radical Historiography

The foregoing discussion sought to relocate the tradition of radical nationalist historiography in the Philippines as part of the development of a generation of local scholarship produced and utilized not only in the Philippines, but also in Southeast Asia. Establishing personal connections and networks, like the experience of Sison in his brief but meaningful visit to Indonesia, pointed to the direction of analysis that the production of knowledge – while attractive to be interpreted as a product of ideological revisioning of intellectuals, ideologues, and academics were often formed out of personal experiences, stimulating intellectual relationships, and mutual recognition of one’s capacity to contribute to the refinement of theory and idea.
With the foundation of ideas already in place, it was but a continuity of the deepening of the intellectual process that made Sison advance certain lines of analysis as pertaining to immediate issues being raised to him and his immediate environment. The many formulations on the varied experiences of nation formation of the countries in the region; the different modes of revolutionary action; the attempts at historicizing experiences and movements; the retreats and advances made in the application of theory to political action; the many vicissitudes and complexities of international relations all sought to play a significant role in the shaping of Sison’s radical nationalist outlook.

One may advance the idea that the recognition of the need to establish international linkages and network, as shown in the experience of Sison and the formulation of his ideas, need not necessarily emanate from the official institutional centers of knowledge production. Sison’s exposure to Indonesian politics, as well as the development of his appreciation to Southeast Asian developments, ripened at the time when he was no longer connected with any formal academic institution. His major premises on the conditions of Southeast Asian nations, as well as his analyses of the trajectories that these nations will take in the future, were at times proven wrong, but in other instances remained relevant to the study of the region. With the development of an international political and economic system characterized by

18

the preeminence of a single superpower, Sison’s ideas seemed to gain new momentum in reformulating our understanding of the structural development of the experiences of Southeast Asian nations. With the rising tide of democratization movements, the growing interconnectedness of the region’s economies, and the social and economic realities that was characteristic of what Sison would view as imperialist globalization, there is a growing relevance to the questions and issues originally raised by Sison, and his Indonesian contemporaries. The degree on which previously considered universal theories and historiographic tendencies were localized as they were put into practice also tells a lot about the development of local knowledge production and scholarship in the region. While Marxism, Leninism and Mao Tsetung Thought were regarded as non-Souhteast Asian in origin, some radical nationalist theorists and activists sought its localization to realize local theory building and knowledge expansion. Radical historiography, nationalism, and socialism, at least among those who remained within the Philippine national democratic circles, is still retained to make its claims to stake in its proper place in the production of knowledge and development of scholarship in the region.

Notes
1 Amado Guerrero.  Philippine Society and Revolution.  Oakland:  International Association of Filipino Patriots, 1979.
2 The adopted nom de guerre of Jose Maria Sison, founder of the reestablished Communist Party of the Philippines in 1968.  The two names will be used interchangeably in this paper.
3 Jose Ma. Sison.  Rebolusyong Pilipino:  Tanaw Mula sa Loob.  Quezon City:  Lagda Publishing, 1994,
33.  See also Rosca, Ninotchka.  Jose Ma. Sison:  At Home in the World  Portrait of a Revolutionary.  Manila:  Ibon Books, 2004.  pp. 13, 40.
4 Kathleen Weekley. The Communist Party of the Philippines, 1968-1993:  A Story of its Theory and Practice.  Quezon City:  University of the Philippines Press, 2001, p. 21. See also Justus van der Kroef, “The Philippine Maoists,” Orbis XVI, (4), winter, 1973, p. 910.  I am grateful to Victor Sumsky for leading me to this analysis.  See Victor Sumsky.”Philippine Society and Revolution” in the Early 1970s and Now Through Russian Eyes,”  paper presented to the 7th International
Conference on Philippine Studies, Leiden, the Netherlands, June 2004.
5 Philippine Society and Revolution, op. cit., 1-61.
6 Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas.  “Programa para sa Demokratikong Rebolusyon ng Bayan sa Pilipinas,” Kongreso ng Muling Pagtatatag ng Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, 26 Disyembre 1968, in Unang Bahagi ng Intermedyang Kurso ng Partido: Pagbubuo ng Partido.  Manila:  Pambansang Komisyong ng Nagkakaisang Prente, 2000.
.
7 Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas. Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas,  Ikalawang Aklat ng Batayang Kurso ng Partido:  Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas.  Manila:  Palimbagang Sentral ng Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, 1998.
8 Ruth McVey, “Nationalism, Revolution and Organization in Indonesian Communism,” in Daniel S. Lev and Ruth McVey, (eds.).  Making Indonesia.  New York:  Cornell University Press, 1996. 107.9Aidit, D.N.  The Indonesian Revolution and the Immediate Tasks of the Communist Party of Indonesia.  Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1964, pp. 8-9.

10 Op. cit., 10-12.
11 As cited in Donald Hindley, The Communist Party of Indonesia.  Berkeley:  University of California Press, 1966, pp. 126-27.
12 Aidit, D.N.  The Indonesian Revolution and the Immediate Tasks of the Communist Party of Indonesia.  Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1964, pp. 2-3.
13 Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas. “Specific Characteristics of Our People’s War,” in Ikalawang Bahagi ng Intermedyang Kurso ng Partido:  Pagbubuo ng Hukbo.  Manila: Pambansang Komisyong ng Nagkakaisang Prente, 2000.

19

14 Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas. “Specific Characteristics of Our People’s War,” in Ikalawang Bahagi ng Intermedyang Kurso ng Partido:  Pagbubuo ng Hukbo.  Manila:  Pambansang Komisyong ng Nagkakaisang Prente, 2000, 48
15Aidit, D.N.  The Indonesian Revolution and the Immediate Tasks of the Communist Party of Indonesia.  Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1964, pp. 23.
16 Hindley, op. cit., 126
17Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas. “Specific Characteristics of Our People’s War,” in Ikalawang Bahagi ng Intermedyang Kurso ng Partido:  Pagbubuo ng Hukbo.  Manila: Pambansang Komisyong ng Nagkakaisang Prente, 2000, 71-72.
18Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas. “Our Urgent Tasks,”in Unang Bahagi ng Intermedyang Kurso ng Partido:  Pagbubuo ng Partido.  Manila:  Pambansang Komisyong ng Nagkakaisang Prente, 2000,  95.
19Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas. “Manindigan Para sa Sosyalismo laban sa Modernong Rebisyonismo,” in Batayang Kurso ng Partido, Aklat III (Ikalawang Bahagi).  Manila:  Palimbagang Sentral ng Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, 2001.  155-209.
20 “Manindigan, op. cit.,… p. 175
21 Ibid., 161
22 See Aidit, op. Cit.

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20

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Sison, Jose Ma.  Krisis at Rebolusyong Pilipino.  Manila:  Amado V. Hernandez Resource Center, Inc., 1998.

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http://josemariasison.org/text-and-context-radical-philippine-historiography-and-revolutionary-texts-in-island-southeast-asia/